Britishers In India

                                                               Britishers In India

Britishers were the third European power to came in India.British raj, period of direct British rule over the Indian subcontinent from 1858 until the independence of India in 1947. In 1667 Aurangzeb gave the British Eat India company the pass to trade in Bengal.

In Bengal Murshid Quli Khan ruled from 1717 - 1727. He transferred his capital from from Dhaka to Murshirabad. Farrukh Siyar a great-grand son of the Mughal Emperor aurangzeb, ascended the throne of Delhi defeating, he gave the pass for Britishers to trade without tax. At That time Bengal emperor , Siraj-ud-Daulah was against it, he locked 146 British people in a small room of Fort Williams and they all died. This was known as the black hole tragedy of 1756. 

The Battle of Plassey in 1757 took place to take revenge against the incident. In this battle Robert Clive was the head of Britishers , Mir Jafar, Amir Chand, they all fought against Siraj-ud-Daulah. Siraj-ud-Daulah was killed by Mir Jafar. Mir Jafar served as the commander of Bengali forces under Siraj ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, but betrayed him during the Battle of Plassey. He was then made the titular king of Bengal. He shifted the capital from Murshirabad to Munger. After him Mir Qasim, son-in-law of Mir Jafar, was made the king of Bengal by the Britishers. Mir Qasim stopped the free tax pass of Britishers.

The Battle of Buxar in 1764 was between Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daulah and Shah Alam on one side against Britishers under Hector Munro on other side. The britishers won the battle and captured whole region of Bengal.

Rules and Regulation from 1764 - 1857 :

1. Subsidiary alliance - The Subsidiary Alliance System was “Non-Intervention Policy” used by Lord Wellesley who was the Governor-General (1798-1805) to establish British Empire in India. He also defeated Tipu Sultan in Anglo-Mysore war. The system was first accepted by Nizam of Hyderabad.

2. Doctrine of Lapse - It was introduced by Lord Dalhousie, to annex the Indian states who had no successor. It was first accepted by Satara state. Lord Dalhousie also started railway line and telegraph in India.

Revenue Policy

1. Permanent Settlement/ Zamindari - It was launched by Lord Cornwallis, to keep the 1/11 th part of the revenue produced on the land. It was planned on the 19% of the land .

2. Ryotwari System - It was introduced by Thomas Munro and Alexander Reed on 51% of the lands in Bombay, Madras and Assam. 50 % of the production was shared between the Government and those who introduced it.

3. Malhari System - It was introduced by Holt Mackenzie on the 30% of the land.

Governor- General

      

Governor of Bengal in 1757 was Robert Clive. First Governor-General of bengal in 1773 was Warren Hastings , he brought dual government in India and system of civil administration.

First Governor-General of India in 1833 was William Bentinck, he introduced English medium of higher education in India and prohibition of Sati .

First Viceroy of India in 1858 was Lord Canning, he established high court at Kolkata. At his time Indigo revolt took place and Government of India act of 1858 was enacted.